Numerals -- History;Accounting -- History;Bookkeeping -- History
The general adoption of "Arabic" numerals by European bookkeepers occurred at least five hundred years after their introduction to the scholarly world. The early availability yet late adoption of this numeration is shown to be due to several...
The International Accounting Standards Committee's (IASC) exposure draft on "Comparability of Financial Statements" has increased the awareness of the need for international changes in accounting standards. Since the IASC cannot mandate these...
Reckoning boards;Tallies;Accounting machines -- History
How could our ancestors do accounting while they were still illiterate and had no paper? The answer is that they used the tally and the checkerboard. In medieval Europe, the tally was normally a short stick on which notches were cut to represent...
Iranian village accounting, which we studied by translating and analyzing the records of a trading house in the early twentieth century, was relatively unaffected by Western contact. The records were kept on a slightly modified cash basis,...
Accounting -- Japan -- History
Bookkeeping -- Japan -- History
Double-entry bookkeeping is believed to have originated in mediveal Italy and, as it developed, writers on the subject such as Luca Pacioli helped spread the system to the rest of Europe in the paths of Italian trade. In those countries there were...
We are now able to date the origin of bookkeeping through the fortunate discovery of a specimen drawn up at the end of the 11th century or in the first decade of the 12th century by a Pisan shipbuilder to record expenditures incurred in the...
